When did tertullian die. Some have assigned the work to Tertullian; some have maintained that, whoever the writer was, he was a Montanist, and some have tried to show that both martyrs and narrator were Montanists. Receiving a liberal Graeco-Roman education, and probably legal training, he lived in pagan blindness and licentiousness to his thirtieth or fortieth year, knowing well the coarseness and Sep 29, 2025 · Tertullian was a brilliant early church father who defended Christianity and coined the term "Trinity. Nevertheless, his early writings give powerful witness to the faith that comes to us from the apostles. Born Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus in Carthage, the capital city of Roman Africa, Tertullian was the son of an army officer in a family In Catholicism, the classification of deadly sins into a group of seven originated with Tertullian and continued with Evagrius Ponticus. Apr 26, 2000 · Neither Tertullian nor Cyprian ever quoted Josephus as a witness in their controversies with Jews and pagans and Origen expressly stated that Josephus, who had mentioned John the Baptist, did not recognize Jesus as the messiah (Contra Celsum, I, 47). Jul 17, 2020 · But Tertullian, who had written so outspokenly about martyrdom and persecution, died peacefully sometime after 229 AD Christian History magazine devoted an entire issue to "Worship in the Early Church. 5 days ago · The question of which apostle did not taste death ultimately leads us to John, the beloved disciple, whose life and departure remain a beacon of wonder and a cornerstone of our faith. His writing is aggressive, sarcastic and brilliant 6, and at points very funny even after 2000 years 7. Why did this great early apologist become a heretic? Jul 15, 2024 · Discover Tertullian and his legacy as an influential Church Father whose vigorous writings shaped early Christian theology amidst theological controversies in second and third-century North Africa. Tertullian’s full name was Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus. [16] Rhodo and Tertullian, young men in Marcion's old age, described him as a "mariner" and a "ship-master" respectively. " 2 days ago · The original sourceof the above sentiment is Tertullian (~155-~240 AD), who was an early African church father based out of Carthage. ] [Adapted from text by Roy Stults from his unpublished Historical Perspectives on a Theology of Suffering, Persecution, and Martyrdom] Tertullian was a prolific Christian writer of the early third century—an apologist (defender of the faith) and theologian. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Church Tradition and Early Historical References Early Christian writers and historians offer significant testimony regarding Paul’s death. Saturnalia is an ancient Roman festival and holiday in honour of the god Saturn, held on 17 December in the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities until 19 December. John the Apostle die? Mark’s Gospel hints of John’s martyrdom, but his death as a martyr is unknown. Tertullian apparently served as an elder or presbyter in Carthage, completely devoting his life to the ministry of Christ. The Carthaginian theologian Tertullian, a contemporary and neighbor of Perpetua who will come up a lot in this episode, closed his great Apologeticus for Christianity with the assurance that “The blood of martyrs is the seed of the church,” a somewhat bleak statement, but nevertheless likely one informed by things that Tertullian had known Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like AD 100, AD 165, Redeem it and others. But with regards to how Jeremiah died, the Scriptures leave no record. 2. The Bible contains more information about his life and times than any other prophet. [99][100] Tertullian Sep 23, 2014 · “Tertullian gradually fell under the spell of this rigorist sect and remain in it for about twenty years. Tertullian (/ tərˈtʌliən /; Latin: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; c. prays for his soul and asks that he may, while waiting, find rest; and that he may share in the first resurrection. Tertullian says he is writing in the 15th year of Severus, now considered to be A. One prominent reference is found in the writings of Tertullian (late 2nd century), who indicates that Paul was martyred under Emperor Nero’s persecution in Rome. ] O THER POINTS OF INTEREST Tertullian chuckles at how the Christians are always in the wrong, whatever happens: (ch 40): Tertullian (born around 155 AD – died around 220 AD) was an important early Christian writer from Carthage, a city in the Roman Empire (modern-day Tunisia). He had allowed flight in time of persecution but in De Fuga he did not. Born Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus in Carthage, the capital city of Roman Africa, Tertullian was the son of an army officer in a family Tertullian's works addressed pressing issues facing early Christians. Augustine the Mar 5, 2026 · Tertullian accepted this advocacy for even sterner morality for the priesthood. Tertullian AKA Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus Born: 155 AD Birthplace: Carthage Died: 222 AD Location of death: Carthage Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Religion: Christian Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Religion Nationality: Ancient Carthage Executive summary: Early church father Tertullian is the earliest and after St. E. Thus, Tertullian succeeded in beating them at their own game, even pressing them to utilize all of Scripture in the Old and New Testaments. ' The usual implication is that Tertullian believed in Christianity because it was absurd. “A woman, after the death of her husband . "The Christian," said Tertullian, "even when condemned to die, gives thanks. ” He lived 155-220 CE, and was an early Christian author and apologist. [2][3] He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature and was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including Gnosticism. Tertullian is believed to have died in 225 C. 93 sqq. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism notes: Tertullian’s writings do not include the words “I believe because it is absurd,” and the origin is unknown. Many times, we take the work of these theologians for granted. THE FOURTH POPE —According to Tertullian, writing c. The first defense of the doctrine of the Trinity was by Tertullian, who was born around AD 150–160, explicitly "defined" the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended his theology against Praxeas, [96][97][98] although he noted that the majority of the believers in his day found issue with his doctrine. III. Mar 12, 2021 · Originally written in Latin, some have suggested that this text was edited by Tertullian, though this remains unknown. 240) was born in Northern Africa, at Carthage, the ancient rival of Rome. He died after 220 in Carthage [1] [3] [7]. He quotes Varro and a medical writer, Soranus of Ephesus, and was evidently well read in pagan literature. According to their writings, what did the church fathers of the fifth century or prior think of Tertullian? Although the codified form of this doctrine seems to originate from Lucian of Antioch who was born after Tertullian died (in 240 CE), the origin of this doctrine can already be found with the Greek apologists before Tertullian (Quasten 1950:326). “They are ready even to die for one another” By Jeff Fenske On April 16, 2020 In Getting Right with Each Other, Real History, Tithing or Spirit-led May 29, 2018 · Tertullian The North African theologian and apologist Tertullian (ca. 196-212) is a foundational figure in Latin Christianity as the first Christian figure who wrote extensively in Latin and brought into Christianity much of the Latin legal terminology prevalent at the time. . He is perhaps most famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use the term Trinity, and giving the oldest extant formal exposition of a Trinitarian theology. 5, verse 4: 'credo quia absurdum' -- 'I believe because it is absurd. Through treatises such as "De Spectaculis," "De Idololatria," and "De Cultu Feminarum," he set forth a rigorous moral code for Christian living. Sep 25, 2025 · Tertullian’s statement was later interpreted as “the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology. 160–220) was a North African church father Aug 21, 2017 · Tertullian criticized the Docetists because if Christ did not have a truly human and truly physical body, then he could not have died on the cross and atoned for humanity’s sins. Tertullian came from Cartage, which was a Roman province of Africa , becoming the first Christian author to create a wide-ranging amount of Latin Christian literature. [120]) Chusdazat (died 344): He served King Shapur II, who killed him for declaring his Christian identity. 155 – c. D. By the time of his death, pretty much everyone didn't like him – not the Romans, the heretics, or Christians (for his views on Montanism). [2] The concepts were partly based on Greco-Roman and Biblical antecedents. While little is known of his actual life (as with most Christian figures around this time), many of Irenaeus (/ ɪrɪˈneɪəs / or / ˌaɪrɪˈniːəs /; Ancient Greek: Εἰρηναῖος, romanized: Eirēnaîos; c. [1] The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a Jan 23, 2022 · What happens when (and after) we die according to the Apostolic Fathers? Note: by Apostolic Fathers I mean: [] core Christian theologians among the Church Fathers who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles, or to have been significantly influenced by them. His birth date is estimated within the range of A. A. And when they find out, they join us. [2][3] He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature and was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Whatever perverting effect Tertullian's secession to the sect of Montanus may have had on his judgment in his latest writings, it did not vitiate the work against Marcion. Peter is attested to by Tertullian at the end of the 2nd century, and by Origen in Eusebius, Church History III. 220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. 42). Epiphanius records in his Panarion (c. Subsequently it flourished in the West, principally in Carthage under the leadership of Tertullian in the 3rd century. [1] May 11, 2001 · Tertullian GENERAL INTRODUCTION I O F TERTULLIAN'S LIFE-STORY THERE IS NOT MUCH to be said. May 4, 2025 · Tertullian (c. Upon his execution he became the first bishop- martyr of Africa. CONYBEARE, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. He is the first of Latin theological writers. Tertullian and Origen attest to this. This church founded by Marcion may well have been the largest of the “heretical” sects, in Tertullian’s time. Tertullian reported that the Romans would exclaim, “See how they love one another!” Apr 29, 2013 · When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? April 29, 2013 Last updated on July 21st, 2025 at 02:26 pm Tertullian is best known by a famous misquotation from ch. (by the unknown author of ' Praedestinatus '). Mar 5, 2026 · Tertullian accepted this advocacy for even sterner morality for the priesthood. It almost died out In light of this modern disagreement, I'd like to know how those in the early church saw Tertullian. He was perhaps the most conspicuous religious writer of his time. May 29, 2018 · Tertullian The North African theologian and apologist Tertullian (ca. ' 44 There are passages which indicate that Tertullian regarded the death of Christ as the ground of salvation; e. According to St. separated from full communion with the bishops of the Catholic Church whose authority he earlier upheld. He lived in the days of the Roman Empire and so was familiar with persecution and martyrdom. May 21, 2015 · Tertullian, born a Roman citizen at or near Carthage, was originally a pagan, the son of a Roman centurion. [citation needed] Feb 18, 2025 · Question How did Jeremiah die? Answer Jeremiah was one of the major prophets of ancient Israel and a key figure in the Old Testament. " Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullian (155-245 A. Tertullian was learned, but careless in his historical statements. Mar 5, 2026 · “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church. This would then rather make Tertullian a 'forerunner' of subordinationism than the other way round. He may also have written some of his works in Greek, although none have survived. C. , xxxii), and St. 125 – c. Lord permitting, next time we will consider another Latin author who, like Tertullian, did much to explain and defend the doctrine of the Trinity. Sep 25, 2013 · What Tertullian did for us when he gave us this theological term, is what theologians do for the church. Peter (De Praescript. He was the first church father to write extensively in Latin and set the tone for how many of the We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [For another assessment, see T. He probably knew parts of Clement of Alexandria ‘s writings. So, we will end by highlighting some of the unique details about the various traditions of their individual martyrdoms, answering instead why Peter wanted to be crucified upside down and what happened to Paul’s head. Jerome tells us that in his time “most of the Latins” held that Clement was the immediate successor of the Apostle (De viris illustr. The following excerpts contain Tertullian's two most famous expressions: "what has Athens to do with Jerusalem" and it is "to be believed because it is absurd. Dec 12, 2014 · As far as Tertullian is concerned, there is some question as to whether or not he should be categorized as a true Church Father because of the fact that he died a Montanist heretic. Peter Holmes in 1868 for The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. His contributions to early Christianity are manifold, ranging Tertullian AKA Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus Born: 155 AD Birthplace: Carthage Died: 222 AD Location of death: Carthage Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Religion: Christian Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Religion Nationality: Ancient Carthage Executive summary: Early church father Tertullian is the earliest and after St. Following his conversion, Tertullian traveled through Greece and Asia Minor before settling in Carthage and marrying. He is known for his extensive writings, and is the first known theologian to use the term “Trinity. Tertullian contrasts holy Christian love of the brethren with the sexual depravities of Roman culture, and then he goes on to describe Christian love feasts. In "Apologeticus" and "Ad Nationes," he defended Christianity against accusations of immorality and other charges. Although he didn't discuss his conversion in his works, he often praised Christian martyrs for their resilience. 202 AD) [4] was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by opposing Gnostic interpretations of Christian Scripture and St. III, American edition. In middle life he was converted to Christianity, lived and wrote in Carthage, presumably as a presbyter of the church there When they are questioned, they confess without any pressure. Dunn’s comprehensive commentary, illuminate the early church’s reaction to paganism, Judaism How did St. 'Christ's death, wherein lies the whole weight and fruit of the Christian name,' 45 'I have delivered unto you (says the apostle) how that Christ died for our sins, and that He was The Suffering of the Holy Martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas Originally edited by Tertullian of Carthage, c. These men, also called Apostolic Fathers, gave special witness to the faith, some dying the death of a martyr. These crucial works, together with Geoffrey D. However, that is not a very satisfying ending. 200. Tragically, Tertullian died around 225 A. However in Carthage the issue was the veil as depicted on portraits in contemporary Dionysius of Alexandria, Newly discovered letters to the Popes Stephen and Xystus, F. A Love Without Condition At no other time in the history of Christianity did love so characterize the entire church as it did in the first three centuries. It showed non-Christians that there must be something extraordinary about this new religion if its followers were willing to die for it. wikipedia, 3rd paragraph). Though he died almost 18 centuries ago, Tertullian is often quoted today in theological and apologetics circles. 160-c. Jan 14, 2025 · In late 2nd century Carthage, Tertullian, the first church father to write in Latin, composed Adversus Iudaeos to argue that Christianity’s interpretation of the Hebrew Bible was better than that of the Jews. ” – Tertullian This famous quote by Tertullian emphasizes how martyrdom served as a powerful tool for evangelization during those times. Tertullian, whose full name was Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, stands as one of the most influential figures in the early development of Christian theology. The theologian Tertullian reported that John was plunged into boiling oil but miraculously escaped unscathed. Tertullian became noted for being one of the first Christian apologists and polemicist opposing heresy. May 19, 2022 · The short answer to our question of, "How did they die?" is: we don’t know. Tertullian was then a Montanist, but his pen had for some years been employed in behalf of the church. [282] Were this conduct of Tiberius a fact, Trajan's rescript and all subsequent imperial action upon the subject would become Aug 4, 2017 · SYNOPSIS The willingness of the apostles to suffer and die for their faith is one of the most commonly cited arguments for the Resurrection. How did the early Christians determine which was the true Church? The test was simple: Just trace the apostolic succession of the claimants. Tertullian thought nothing of the kind: see the quotes page for a passage on reason from De Paenitentia 1,2. Montanism, a schismatic movement founded by the prophet Montanus that arose in the Christian church in Phrygia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), in the 2nd century. And Roman society took note. By the 1st century BC, the celebration had been extended until 23 December, for a total of seven days of festivities. Some time between 135 and 140, Marcion traveled to Rome, joined the Roman church, and made a large donation of 200,000 sesterces Tertullian “We offer sacrifices for the dead on their birthday anniversaries [the date of death—birth into eternal life]” (The Crown 3:3 [A. Translated into English by Dr. 3. (6) The famous historian Gibbon claims the passage is a forgery as do many theologians. 211]). [119] ( The Skoptsy did, however, believe it to be true. He was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism Although Marcion had died by the time Tertullian wrote, his sect had a wide presence in the central and northeastern Empire (Italy, central northern Africa, the Greek mainland, and Anatolia). Apr 16, 2020 · Tertullian: Church Life in 197 AD – “See how they love one another,” they say about us. 375) that Marcion was born the son of a bishop in Pontus (modern-day Turkey), likely Philologus of Sinope. 145 to 160 [4]. " In going to their death, Christians show their supreme freedom. Tertullian was the first Christian writer to write in Latin 5, and was described three centuries later as writing 'first, and best, and incomparably', of all the writers to do so. Sep 23, 2014 · “Tertullian gradually fell under the spell of this rigorist sect and remain in it for about twenty years. He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. Feb 11, 2024 · Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, commonly known as Tertullian, was a Christian apologist and author from Carthage. Who Was Tertullian? Tertullian (c. , but the location and the cause of his death is unknown. [17] The death of St. In c. Aug 28, 2022 · 6 Tertullian becoming a Montanist is the key factor why he wasn't considered a Church Father and a Saint, although he is considered an important ecclesiastical writer (cf. Tertullian (/tərˈtʌliən/; Latin: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; c. It was the Holy Spirit who inspired the church and its members. Feb 22, 2019 · Tertullian: A Critical Biography As with Irenaeus, much of Tertullian’s life is cloaked in mystery. He that can take, let him take it. 1. Dec 11, 1999 · Because those who see us die, wonder why we do, for we die like the men you revere, not like slaves or criminals. While ancient sources give a fair amount of details concerning the life of Tertullian, modern scholars have judged these to be largely unreliable for reconstructing his biography. Dec 2, 2002 · But, not to mention the story respecting Cyprian's admiration of Tertullian, for which he gives his authority, whence did he learn that Tertullian remained a presbyter of the Church until he reached the middle age of life, and was extremely old when he died? Jan 31, 2011 · 1. " Learn about his life, writings, and lasting impact. " This book is the first accessible introduction in English to Tertullian’s works, providing translations of Aduersus Iudaeos (Against the Jews), Scorpiace (Antidote for the Scorpion’s Sting) and De Virginibus Velandis (On the Veiling of Virgins). g. Tertullian converted to Christianity around the time he wrote the Apologeticus. Augustine the 2. He was the first Christian author to write many books in Latin about Christian beliefs. But Tertullian, in spite of himself, had been used mightily of God. He cites Irenaus, Justin, Miltiades, and Proclus. A martyr is someone who is killed because of their faith. p. Peter labored in Rome during the last portion of his life, and there ended his life by martyrdom. 8972 The narrator must have been a contemporary; according to many critics, he was an eye-witness of the sufferings of the martyrs. ) The Fathers of the Church spread the gospel of Jesus Christ, defended the Church in apologetic writing and fought the many heresies of the first six centuries of Christianity. 220) was the founder of Latin Christian theology. For Tertullian, a Christian's destiny was to be a martyr. Aug 21, 2017 · Tertullian criticized the Docetists because if Christ did not have a truly human and truly physical body, then he could not have died on the cross and atoned for humanity’s sins. Tertullian (/ tərˈtʌliən /; Latin: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; c. He had conceded to a widow the right to remarry but in De Monogamin he refused it. He is one of the Latin Apologists of the 2nd century. Extremely influential in his treatise, Tertullian brought greater precision to many of the ideas and also introduced much of the terminology that would later be adopted in the creedal formulations of the doctrine of the Trinity. Known for being a militant Christian that wrote against many heresies, his writings have created the framework for some of the most important theological beliefs of the church. St. Tertullian is the first writer to mention these circumstances, and Tertullian was not by any means a critical historian. Their convictions Note: Was the veil over the face or just the hair? The female veil did not cover the face. Cyprian (born 200 ce, Carthage—died September 14, 258, Carthage; Western and Eastern feast day September 16; Anglican feast day September 26) was an early Christian theologian and bishop of Carthage who led the Christians of North Africa during a period of persecution from Rome. Barnes on the Apologeticum (1970). He was educated in rhetoric and law, the standard education of a well-to-do Roman, and converted to Christianity before the year 197. By this he would win forgiveness of his sins and spread the Kingdom of Christ. ” This loose translation likely developed from Augustine of Hippo’s sermon: “The earth has been filled with the blood of the martyrs as with seed, and from that seed have sprung the crops of the church. Updated to modern English by myself (Paul Pavao). It almost died out The theologian Tertullian reported that John was plunged into boiling oil but miraculously escaped unscathed. He was evi- dently given a good education in grammar and rhetoric, and he was a trained lawyer. "). , xv). He apparently died bitter and resentful, in self-imposed exile from the peace and communion of the catholic Church. First, the apostles believed that Jesus of Nazareth had risen from the dead because they had seen Him alive after His death by crucifixion. He was born in Carthage, according to Jerome, and was the son of a centurion. Tertullian Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text at the web site of New Advent's Father's of the Church. From WikiPedia: According to the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia, St. But that doesn’t really matter for our purpose here, because he clearly did believe in the Real Presence anyway. Tertullian Expounds Order of Last Events TERTULLIAN (c. At their best, theologians summarize the broad and vast, and sometimes even complex teaching of Scripture for us. 160-220; fl. The custom of veiling the complete head was current in contemporary (pre-islamic) Arabia, as Tertullian remarks in 17:4 and as can be seen from contemporary depictions. [4 Tertullian (born c. But what did this man believe and what did he ultimately contribute to historic Christianity? Here’s your crash course on the life and accomplishments of Tertullian—and why he still matters today. 199, the Roman Church claimed that Clement was ordained by St. Not only did he write apologetic works to the Romans, but he also composed a considerable number of writings in which he defended orthodox Christianity against various heretics. " Both expressions occurred in the context of a polemical war of words against "heretics" and perhaps give an exaggerated sense Tertullian's Against Praxeas is a brilliant piece of work. Jul 14, 2001 · God's entire work, therefore, is subverted. xv. 220 AD [1]) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. 207 (Bonwetsch, Die Schriften Tertullians nach der Zeit ihrer Abfassung, p. " Though conservative, he did originate and advance new theology to the early Church. Aug 24, 2018 · Tertullian’s Thought on Persecution and Martyrdom [Imaginary portrait of Tertullian. We take the work of these folks from church history for granted. Cyprian takes as his model a work on a similar subject by his teacher, Tertullian; he stresses, however, the need for modesty and simplicity of dress and takes a resolute position on the excesses attending the practice of virgines subintroductae, that is, of those women who shared their lives with men, while observing virginity in agreement Jul 17, 2020 · But Tertullian, who had written so outspokenly about martyrdom and persecution, died peacefully sometime after 229 AD Christian History magazine devoted an entire issue to "Worship in the Early Church. Despite the fact that the early Christian theologian Tertullian wrote that Jesus was a eunuch, there is no corroboration in any other early source. Yet what is the evidence they actually died as martyrs? Two key initial points need to be made. 111-114. Born around 155 AD in Carthage, a vibrant city in the Roman province of Africa, Tertullian's life and work have left an indelible mark on the history of Christianity. Compare Neander's remarks in his Church History, Vol. The first major Christian writer to use the Latin language, he gave to Latin Christian thought a decidedly legal stamp. Oct 6, 2001 · And to so great a reputation among the people for righteousness did this James rise, that Flavius Josephus, who wrote the "Antiquities of the Jews" in twenty books, when wishing to exhibit the cause why the people suffered so great misfortunes that even the temple was razed to the ground, said, that these things happened to them in accordance The Suffering of the Holy Martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas Originally edited by Tertullian of Carthage, c. In the original apocryphal Acts of John, the apostle dies; however, later traditions assume that he ascended to heaven. 155/160, Carthage [now in Tunisia]—died after 220, Carthage) important early Christian theologian, polemicist, and moralist who, as the initiator of ecclesiastical Latin, was instrumental in shaping the vocabulary and thought of Western Christianity. Tertullian, an influential early Christian theologian, played a crucial role in shaping Western Christianity through his writings and theological contributions [1] [2] [5]. 160-ca. Nov 20, 2025 · Tertullian was born around 150 AD and is considered one of the three great early church fathers from Northern Africa. (Torrey's Translation). I. Jerome, he served Jun 16, 2018 · See, they say, how they love one another, for themselves are animated by mutual hatred; how they are ready even to die for one another, for they themselves will sooner put to death. Officially, the apostle’s grave is at Ephesus. 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